The Significance of Customs in Things Fall Apart by...

The Significance of Customs The definition of custom is a traditional way of behaving or doing something that is specific to a particular society, place, or time. The book Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe focuses on a small community of Igbo people in lower Niger that undergoes a large change. Their village, previously full of solid morals, traditions and religious belief begins to undergo European colonization. The result of this is a loss of old customs and an acquisition of new ones. Customs can be anything from saying â€Å"thank you† when given something to believing that twins should be thrown into the forest upon birth. The elders in the story try hard to save their previous customs but eventually are betrayed by the younger generation. Customs are key and even the foundation of a community. They are necessary for 3 reasons: to remind people of basic beliefs (whether religious or moral), to give people a general feeling of culture and respect, and finally to keep the people of a society together , which is a biological human need and keeps a community alive and united. Sharing beliefs and morals contributes largely to how close the people are within a society. Igbos have many traditions, from storytelling to the actions performed at ceremonies. Almost all of these customs are based around respect. Umuofia, the village, â€Å"never went to war unless its case was clear and just and was accepted as such by its Oracle...If the clan had disobeyed the Oracle they would surelyShow MoreRelatedChinua Achebe’s Things Fall Apart Essay1736 Words   |  7 PagesThe classic African literary tale Things Fall Apart, written by Chinua Achebe, is a brilliant account of historical African culture and the destruction colonialism can cause upon such cultures. As the reader follows the narrative and complexity of the characters through the novel, a sense of pride, trust, and faith in history emerges. Yet, with the introduction of colonialism the characters must learn to embrace and adapt to a new culture and set of beliefs or face termination from society. T heRead MoreAnalysis Of Things Fall Apart By Chinua Achebe1827 Words   |  8 Pages In the novel, Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe, the setting is in Umofia, a lower Nigerian Clan and Mbanta, Okonkwos moms family. The novel starts with a man, whose name is Okonkwo, a respectable warrior, who dwells in Umofia, with his three spouses and nine kids. Okonkwo is spooked by his dad, Unokas dishonorable past. Okonkwo wants his child to be an extreme, capable warrior. Hence, this being said causes devastation upon Okonkwos families, destroying Nwoye and Okonkwo. Then, evangelistsRead MoreChinua Achebe s Things Fall Apart1410 Words   |  6 PagesTeddy Manfre Ms. Blass ENG 209-001 April 24, 2017 Things Fall Apart In 1958, Chinua Achebe a famous Nigerian author publishes one of his most famous novels Things Fall Apart. The novel takes place in a Nigerian village called Umuofia. During the time that this novel is published Nigeria is being criticized by the Europeans for being uncivilized. In response, Achebe uses his brilliance in this novel to express the valued history of his people to his audience. His focus in the novel is on the pre-colonizedRead MoreAn Analysis of Things Fall Apart and Antigone1027 Words   |  5 Pagesnovels Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe and Antigone by Sophocles, this idea is portrayed perfectly. The way that Achebe developed Ezinma throughout the novel, I believe, is what was used to show readers the softer and gentler side of Okonkwo. In conjunction with that, Sophocles used Ismene to be the more tame and obedient side of Antigone. Through the descriptions and ways that these two female characters affect the main characters in each of these novels, Ezinma from Things Fall Apart and IsmeneRead MoreChinua Achebe’s Things Fall Apart: Exploring the Ibo Culture1743 Words   |  7 Pagesculture and to discuss women as a marginalized group in Chinua Achebe’s Things Fall Apart. Things Fall Apart is a 1958 English novel by Nigerian author Chinua Achebe. Achebe is indebted to Yeats for the title as it has been taken from Yeats’ poem The Second Coming. Achebe is a fastidious, skillful artist and garnered more critical attention than any other African writer. His reputation was soon established after his novel Things Fall Apart. He made a considerable influence over young African writersRead MoreThings Fall Apart By Chinua Achebe1084 Words   |  5 Pagesdetermines the success of a civilization and without it their societies often fall. Chinua Achebe’s novel is imbedded with examples of tradition and rituals. In the novel Things Fall Apart, religion controls the mind and their ideals, as people desperately rush to seize control through beliefs. In the story religion is not a simple belief, but is a determining factor of how a person should live. The author Chinua Achebe in the novel uses the characteristics of the Umuofians polygamous beliefs in marriageRead More Essay on the Role of Women in Chinua Achebes Things Fall Apart1827 Words   |  8 PagesThe Role of Women in Things Fall Apart      Ã‚  Ã‚   Chinua Achebes Things Fall Apart explores the struggle between old traditions within the Igbo community as well as Christianity and the second coming it brings forth. While on the surface, it appears the novel narrows its focus to a single character, Okonkno and his inner battles, one can read deeper into the text and find an array of assorted conflicts in the realm on human vs. human, human vs. nature, human vs. society, and society vs. societyRead MoreChinua Achebe s Things Fall Apart1341 Words   |  6 PagesKelly Zhang Mr. Hadley English 2H 1 1 October 2015 Novel and Play Review Notes  2.) Bibliographic Information Achebe, Chinua. Things Fall Apart. London: William Heinemann, 1958. Print. Chinua Achebe (16 November 1930 - 21 March 2013) Modernism — Post- Modernism Period 3.) Key Quotations Through a significant passage in chapter seven, Achebe uses analogy to foreshadow the arrival of Europeans. The description of, â€Å"And at last the locusts did descend. They settled on every tree†¦ they settled onRead MoreThings Fall Apart By Chinua Achebe1299 Words   |  6 Pageslike one. He has put a knife on the things that held us together and we have fallen apart† (20.25). Things fall apart, written by Chinua Achebe, is a literary novel that addresses the pre- and post-colonial life of the Igbo people living in Nigeria around the year 1900. Okonkwo, the protagonist in the story, walks the reader through the Igbo customs and way of life until westerns persuade their villagers to convert to their religion and everything falls apart. This twentieth century culture is seenRead MoreThings Fall Apart By Chinua Achebe1948 Words   |  8 Pageswellbeing or their absence. Things Fall Apart is a novel that was written by Chinua Achebe, who is a supporter of multicultural ism as depicted in his book through the appreciation of the differences between cultures. In his novel, Achebe has used the Igbo society as a representation of the African cultural roots. He demonstrates that interactions between cultures have both the constructive and unconstructive consequences. The primary purpose behind Achebe writing Things Fall Apart was to respond to the

The Farmer Security Administration Office Of War Information

When examining American photography you must discuss the Farmer Security Administration-Office of War Information, also referred to as the FSA/OWI. This administration was the single and most significant documentary photography project in the history of United States. Photographs taken by members of the FSA/OWI all display and represent American society in different ways to help give a better understanding of major historic events occurring in the United States at this time. The members of the FSA use many formal elements to help illustrate society and its cultural that will enhance our understanding of the FSA/OWI project and United States. In addition, these formal elements such as lighting, framing, subject matter, and detail are used†¦show more content†¦The first photograph I am going to discuss is photo of Ellery Shufelt with his children in Albany County, New York. Arthur Rothstein took this photograph in 1937, which was when the Great Depression was taking place in t he United States. This photograph depicts many of these formal elements and techniques such as, framing, lighting, composition, and space to help portray the true meaning of the image. Arthur Rothstein uses the technique known as composition, which can be defined as the organization of the photograph by inserting elements in particular places and sizes. This assumption can be made because Rothstein places the Ellery Shufelt and his children in specific areas of the photograph to help capture an emotion or option about how people live and work American society at this time. Also, the framing and position of the door and chair outlines the photograph asymmetrically for the viewer. The door offsets the image by dividing the image with a vertical line. This basically crops the photograph making the viewer focus on the father and his children rather than the background itself. In addition, the level the camera intensifies the feeling and framing by making you feel eye level with the s ubjects. The use of framing allowed the photograph to make you focus and control how you perceive the image. Another element I have noticed

Children in Horror Free Essays

With the release of Orphan upon us, it seems as good a time as any to consider the role that kids have played in the horror genre. Other groups have fairly consistent, even ritualized roles in films. Men as antagonists are usually the threat of aggressive male sexuality, wielding phallic weaponry and chasing down hapless female victims. We will write a custom essay sample on Children in Horror or any similar topic only for you Order Now Women are either the sexualized teenaged victim, the virginal survivor, or in some classic horror, the threat of female social and sexual empowerment to male hegemony. But children in horror movies have not had such a stable role. There are, however, three major trends in the way children fit into horror plots. We’ll call them â€Å"the silent witness,† â€Å"the creepy little kid,† and â€Å"the un-victim. † The silent witness is used most commonly in ghost films like The Messengers and Mirrors. These characters often don’t speak at all (perhaps due to some earlier trauma or developmental shortfall) or they only speak in short, cryptic messages. The driving notion behind these characters is that in their innocence they don’t know to be scared of the ghosts and ghoulies, or in other cases, they retain some knowledge of trust or secret about life that we as adults have forgotten. Either way, these characters represent an almost covetous reverence for the ideal of childhood innocence. The sound of the child’s laughter is usually central to at least one scene, reminding us again of the child’s innocence, but also implying that the child is not alone. One of the most elegant, though not central, uses of this character type is in Close Encounters of the Third Kind in the scene when the child, Barry, goes missing. Of course everyone’s favorite use of children in horror movies is the creepy little kid. This is the category that Orphan falls under and also incorporates a lot of ghost films like The Grudge and The Unborn, but it can also include demon-child movies like The Omen. The protagonists of these films are often the parents, or adopted parents, of the creepy kid in question, and these films play subliminally on oedipal anxieties. In films where the kid is a ghost, it will sometimes be â€Å"the good ghost† who is trying to warn and protect the other characters. But even if the child ghost is not benevolent, it’s still usually not the embodiment of pure rage that ghosts of adult men tend to be. Instead, the threat they pose is usually more akin to a trapped animal, and often these characters are associated with a specific animal or take on animalistic traits. Whether alive or dead though, creepy little girls have become iconic within the horror genre. With sunken eyes, perfect hair, and always the same style of going-to-church dress, the image of the creepy little girl has become standardized, but the fact that it still remains creepy while being so familiar is a testament to its ability to strike a deep psychological chord with the audience. In many ways the creepy little girl is the flip side of the silent witness character. Both imply that young children know more about their surroundings than they let on, but whereas the silent witness can’t communicate, the creepy little girl won’t, inevitably to nefarious ends. Where the silent witness represents the purity and innocence of childhood, the creepy little kid represents all the cruelty and selfishness that children are capable of. Finally, there is what I like to call the un-victim. These are the kids in movies who get chased by the bad guys, but everyone knows they’re going to live through the end of the film. Classic examples would be Tommy Jarvis in Friday the 13th Part IV, or Reggie in Part V. A more recent example would be the two kids in Signs. These kids are un-victims because they’re threatened through the entire movie, but never get killed off because killing a kid in a movie is going too far for most filmmakers (though apparently not for Lars Von Trier in Antichrist). As a result, these kids end up being a sort of safety blanket for the viewer. We know that they’re safe, and therefore we allow them to provide us some security and even the occasional moment of levity. For many horror fans though, these kids turn into an annoyance very quickly (Dakota Fanning in War of the Worlds). This is of course not at all comprehensive. Films that break these molds are often far better off for it, as just in general movies that buck or reverse trends and stereotypes are usually more creative and better made movies. Plus, this summary does not include demonic pregnancy movies like Rosemary’s Baby, or movies aimed at children like Gremlins. And then there are a few movies that merge and meld these tropes together. Stanley Kubrick’s The Shining has not only the prototypical creepy little girls, but Danny Torrance incorporates all three character tropes. He is himself a creepy little kid at times, but at other times he acts as the silent witness. But then in the third act when the emphasis of the film begins to shift towards Jack’s insanity, Danny becomes an un-victim. So this is by no means a bible of children in horror movies, but it is an interesting topic to contemplate how children factor into a genre that is specifically meant to not be seen by them. Adults have always had a very interesting and compelling relationship with notions of childhood, and it’s certainly not insignificant that children, in one role or another, find their way so consistently into the horror genre, where all the fears and anxieties of the human psyche find their voice. How to cite Children in Horror, Essay examples

Mediation Arbitration and Negotiation System †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Mediation Arbitration and Negotiation System. Answer: Introduction A legal contract binds two or more parties to an agreement that is enforceable by law. Contract can be formed between parties who fulfill the essential elements of a contract which include an offer, acceptance, intention, consideration, and capacity. A legal contract does not necessarily have to be constructed on paper; it can be written or oral. The benefit of written contract is that it is easier to prove its validity in the court and the hard copy serves as a written record of term and condition of the contract. The terms of contract are legally binding upon the parties of the contract, and failure to fulfill such conditions constitutes a breach of contract. A party can file a lawsuit for non-fulfillment of contracts conditions, and the court can provide remedies by enforcing performance or ordering defaulting party to pay for damages. Other than a lawsuit, there are alternative dispute resolution methods that can be applied by the parties to resolve their dispute like meditation, arbitration, negotiation, and others. The key issue is that whether a legal contract has been formed between Alan and Bernard management, Damian and Charleen, and if a contract is established then who the contracting parties were. According to McKendrick (2014), a contract can be defined as an agreement that gives rise to obligations that are recognized and enforced by the law. A valid contract requires fulfillment of essential elements. Following are the essential elements of a contract: Offer: Professor Treitel defines offer as an expression of willingness to contract based on specified conditions that are made with an intention to enforce the acceptance of another party legally (Treitel, 2003). An offer can be written, oral or through conduct of parties. The person offering the contract is called offeror and person to whom the offer is made called offeree. Acceptance: As per Professor Atiyah, acceptance occurs when an offeree gives his/her approval to the terms of the contract by providing consideration or some other valuable thing to confirm the contract (Smith Atiyah, 2006). Consideration: Consideration in a contract is defined as the value that is offered and accepted by the parties to the contract. Intention: It is necessary that parties to a contract have the intention to bind such contract legally, and the consent must be free from any external force (Chen-Wishart, 2012). Capacity: The parties entering into a contract must have the capacity to enter into a legal contract that means the parties should not be minor, insolvent and mentally insane (Koffman Macdonald, 2010). Application In this case, Alan posted on Facebook his intentions to sell his book along with handwritten notes. Bernard responded to such post, but he did not accept the offer, instead, he provided a counteroffer to buy the book for $150. Alan rejected the offer of Bernard and told him that he will only sell his book at $200 and that he already has an offer. Bernard then decided to accept the original offer of Alan and send him money through the post. The principle of law provides that once a counteroffer is made, the first offer ceases to exit. The court provide in Hyde v Wrench [1840] 49 ER 132 case, if a party rejects an offer for contract and provide a counter offer than the original offer ceases to exist. After the rejection of counteroffer, the party did not have the option to accept the original offer (Rahnavard, 2013). Bernard did not have right to accept the original offer of Alan, and his decision to send him money through post cannot be constituted as acceptance of the original offer. Therefore, Bernard and Alan did not enter into a valid contract. In case of Charleen, she saw her brothers Facebook post and told him that she is willing to buy the book. Charleen was taking her GCE O level, and she was still a minor. As per Nash v Inman [1908] 2 KB 1 case, a minor is not able to enter into a legal contract by himself (Andrews, 2016). Therefore, the contract between Charleen and Alan is not valid. Damian was not the Facebook friend of Alan; instead, he comes to know about Alans offer through Bernard. He accepted the term of Alans contract and sent him a message to show his desire. Damian asked Alan whether he can pay on 4th November and Alan give his acceptance; it created a valid offer between Alan and Damien. To conclude, the contract between Bernard and Alan is not valid because Bernard provided a counteroffer that terminated his right to accept the original offer of Alan. Charleen is a minor therefore she cannot enter into a legal contract management. In Damien and Alan, there is a clear contractual relationship because Damien fulfills the requirement of a valid contract. Bernard saw the Facebook post of Alan and decided to buy his book along with handwritten notes. Bernard asked Alan to sell his book for $150 instead of $200. Alan rejected his offer by telling him that he will only sell at $200 price, and he already has an offer. After that, Bernard decided to buy the book for $200, and he sends the money to Alan through the post; Alan received the money on 5th November. In this case, a valid contract did not establish between Bernard and Alan. The counteroffer made by Bernard terminated the original offer of Alan, and Bernard losses his right to accept the original offer. In Hyde v Wrench case, wrench offer to sell its land for $1000 and Hyde provided a counteroffer of $950. Wrench rejected Hyde's offer, and then Hyde decided to buy his land for $1000. Wrench rejected to sale his land so Hyde files a lawsuit for breach of contract against Wrench. The court held that Hyde did not have right to accept the original offer because he provided a counter offer which terminates an original offer. Similar principle was laid down by the court in Dickinson V Dodds [1876] 2 Ch D 463 case. The court held that if a party failed to accept the offer in time hence no legal contract has established between them (Beale, Bishop Furmston, 2007). On this ground, it can be said that Bernard did not enter into a valid contract with Alan, so he did not have right to file a suit for breach of contract for not providing his book along with handwritten notes (Anson, Beatson, Burrows Cartwright, 2010). To conclude, the counteroffer provided by Bernard terminated the original offer of Alan; Bernard did not have right to accept the original offer of Alan. Therefore, Bernard cannot file a suit against Alan for breach of contract because they did not enter into a valid contract. The contract between Charleen and Alan did not construct because Charleen is a minor and a minor cannot enter into a legal contract (Nash v Inman, 1908). In De Francesco v Barnum [1890] 45 Ch D 430 case, the court held that a minor cannot into a legal contract that is not beneficial for him (Gooley, Radan Vickovich, 2007). There is lack of evidence that buying Alans book will be beneficial for Charleen during his studies or in the future, therefore, the contract is invalid. In the Felthouse v Bindley [1862] 142 ER 1037 case, the court provided that acceptance cannot be considered valid on the ground that offers were not rejected (Gordon, 2014). The smile passed by Alan is not a valid acceptance because silence cannot be constituted as valid acceptance (Felthouse v Bindley, 1862). Therefore, Charleen did not have any legal rights, and she can only ask for her money back. Damien did not see the Facebook post of Alan; instead, he comes to know about the offer through Bernard. He decides to buy the book along with handwritten notes and show his desire to Alan thought an SMS. Damian paid $200 to Alan on 4th November in Kaplan Higher Education. On 7th November, Alan gives his original copy of the book to Bernard and buys another copy for Damien; he gives it to him along with his handwritten notes. Damien and Alan entered into a contract for Alans book and handwritten notes, therefore the terms of contract have been breached by Alan. Damien has right to file a legal suit against Alan for not giving original copy of the book. Like Redgrave v Hurd [1881] 20 Ch D 1 case, there have been false statements made by Alan, and he misleads Damien into buying his book (Waddams, 2013). Damian can file a suit against him for misleading him into a legal contract through false statement and get his money back. To conclude, Alan has breach the terms of contract by not fulfilling his duties and misleading Damien into the contract, therefore, Damien can sue Alan and get his money back. Dispute resolution defines different methods of solution of a dispute between parties through various methods such as mediation, negotiation, arbitration, collaborative law, and litigation (Sourdin, 2008). In case a breach of contract occurs, parties have right to use the traditional method of filing the suit, or they can resolve their disputes between themselves through alternative dispute resolution methods. The courts also encourage ADR methods because it saves precious time and solve disputes more easily instead of the complicated litigation process. In this case, various methods of ADR can be select by the parties. Meditation is a method of ADR in which mediator is appointed by parties as a neutral third party that facilities and guides the parties of contract to accept a mutually acceptable agreement. The mediator did not focus on breach of contract or which party is guilty of breaching the contract, instead, he helps parties find a common solution that is beneficial for all (Goldberg, Sander, Rogers Cole, 2014). Arbitration is another method of ADR in which both parties agreed to present their dispute to a neutral third party called arbitrator. The arbitrator hears the entire dispute and gives his decision based on natural justice principles. The decision of arbitrator is binding upon the parties of contract (Goltsman, Horner, Pavlov Squintani, 2009). The main advantage of mediation and arbitration is that it saves time and money of parties; the court proceedings require a lot of time and money that can be saved by parties by selecting an alternative dispute resolution method. The arbitrator and mediator establish a close connection with parties and listen to their side of the story that allowed for a fair solution. Selecting these processes also maintains the confidentiality of parties, and they can avoid open courts and transcripts that are public record (Moffitt Bordone, 2012). The disadvantages of these methods are that in some disputes, the large corporations and wealthy individuals influence the proceeding in their favor that negatively affect the fairness of case. The parties find it difficult to appeal against arbitrators decision which makes it difficult for parties because arbitrator acts as judge and jury and parties leave their faith in his/her hands. The cost of arbitration is lower than compared to court proceeding but in few cases the situation is opposite, and ADR method costs more than court proceedings. In Singapore, mediation facility is provided by State courts and Family justice courts. The arbitration is conducted in Singapore International Arbitration Centre (SIAC, 2016). The Primary Dispute Resolution Centre will soon be converted into State Courts Centre for Dispute Resolution. Family disputes are conducted in Child Focused Resolution Centre and Family Resolution Chambers. Private meditation conducted in Singapore International Centre and Singapore Meditation Centre (Singaporelaw, 2017). References Andrews, N. (2016). Sources and General Principles of English Contract Law. InArbitration and Contract Law(pp. 165-175). Springer, Cham. Anson, W. R., Beatson, J., Burrows, A. S., Cartwright, J. (2010).Anson's law of contract. Oxford University Press. Beale, H. G., Bishop, W. D., Furmston, M. P. (2007).Contract. Oxford University Press. Chen-Wishart, M. (2012).Contract law. Oxford University Press. Goldberg, S. B., Sander, F. E., Rogers, N. H., Cole, S. R. (2014).Dispute resolution: Negotiation, mediation and other processes. Wolters Kluwer Law Business. Goltsman, M., Hrner, J., Pavlov, G., Squintani, F. (2009). Mediation, arbitration and negotiation.Journal of Economic Theory,144(4), 1397-1420. Gooley, J. V., Radan, P., Vickovich, I. (2007).Principles of Australian Contract Law: Cases and Materials. LexisNexis Butterworths. Gordon, B. (2014). Acceptance by conduct in ecommerce transactions in Australia.Commercial Law Quarterly: The Journal of the Commercial Law Association of Australia,28(2), 3. Koffman, L., Macdonald, E. (2010).The law of contract. Oxford University Press. McKendrick, E. (2014).Contract law: text, cases, and materials. Oxford University Press (UK). Moffitt, M. L., Bordone, R. C. (Eds.). (2012).The handbook of dispute resolution. John Wiley Sons. Rahnavard, D. (2013).Course Notes: Contract Law. Routledge. SIAC. (2016). Arbitration in Singapore. [Online] SIAC. Available at: https://www.siac.org.sg/2014-11-03-13-33-43/why-siac/arbitration-in-singapore [Accessed at 26/11/2017] Singaporelaw. (2017). Introduction to Meditation. [Online] Singaporelaw. Available at: https://www.singaporelaw.sg/sglaw/laws-of-singapore/overview/chapter-3 [Accessed at 26/11/2017] Smith, S. A., Atiyah, P. S. (2006).Atiyah's Introduction to the Law of Contract. OUP Oxford. Sourdin, T. (2008).Alternative dispute resolution(pp. 1-490). Thomson Lawbook Company. Treitel, G. H. (2003).The law of contract. Sweet maxwell. Waddams, S. (2013). Mistake in Assumptions.Osgoode Hall LJ,51, 749.